RIVERNORTH MANAGED DURATION MUNICIPAL INCOME FUND,  INC.

SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) 

 

Shares/Description  Value 
CLOSED-END FUNDS (62.39%)        
 86,316   abrdn National Municipal Income Fund  $743,181 
 210,714   Blackrock Investment Quality Municipal Trust, Inc.   2,132,426 
 153,464   BlackRock MuniAssets Fund, Inc.   1,381,176 
 541,579   BlackRock Municipal 2030 Target Term Trust   10,512,048 
 499,736   BlackRock Municipal Income Fund, Inc.   5,072,320 
 250,797   BlackRock Municipal Income Quality Trust   2,472,858 
 416,281   BlackRock Municipal Income Trust   3,692,412 
 725,058   BlackRock Municipal Income Trust II   6,627,030 
 296,415   BlackRock MuniHoldings California Quality Fund, Inc.   2,833,727 
 501,399   BlackRock MuniHoldings Fund, Inc.   5,169,424 
 21,926   BlackRock MuniHoldings New Jersey Quality Fund, Inc.   221,891 
 158,467   BlackRock MuniHoldings New York Quality Fund, Inc.   1,446,804 
 326,207   BlackRock MuniHoldings Quality Fund II, Inc.   2,864,097 
 384,441   BlackRock MuniVest Fund II, Inc.   3,571,457 
 916,881   BlackRock MuniVest Fund, Inc.   5,556,299 
 272,206   BlackRock MuniYield Fund, Inc.   2,498,851 
 175,223   BlackRock MuniYield Michigan Quality Fund, Inc.   1,739,964 
 473,735   BlackRock MuniYield New York Quality Fund, Inc.   4,197,292 
 9,100   BlackRock MuniYield Pennsylvania Quality Fund   94,367 
 159,094   BlackRock MuniYield Quality Fund II, Inc.   1,430,255 
 674,701   BlackRock MuniYield Quality Fund III, Inc.(a)   6,443,395 
 741,498   BlackRock MuniYield Quality Fund, Inc.   7,585,525 
 114,230   BlackRock New York Municipal Income Trust   1,039,493 
 291,890   BNY Mellon Strategic Municipal Bond Fund, Inc.   1,450,693 
 284,857   BNY Mellon Strategic Municipals, Inc.   1,518,288 
 270,934   Eaton Vance Municipal Bond Fund   2,427,569 
 139,132   Eaton Vance Municipal Income Trust   1,239,666 
 241,450   Invesco Advantage Municipal Income Trust II   1,789,145 
 6,768   Invesco California Value Municipal Income Trust   57,054 
 523,343   Invesco Municipal Opportunity Trust   4,307,113 
 267,952   Invesco Municipal Trust   2,234,720 
 10,122   Invesco Pennsylvania Value Municipal Income Trust   90,592 
 807,583   Invesco Quality Municipal Income Trust(a)   6,775,621 
 201,830   Invesco Trust for Investment Grade Municipals   1,715,555 
 78,098   Invesco Value Municipal Income Trust   812,219 
 458,223   MFS High Income Municipal Trust   1,429,656 
 49,275   MFS Municipal Income Trust   224,201 
 98,003   Neuberger Berman Municipal Fund, Inc.   902,608 
 121,792   Nuveen AMT-Free Municipal Value Fund   1,632,013 
 1,757,801   Nuveen AMT-Free Quality Municipal Income Fund(a)   17,015,514 
 14,337   Nuveen Build America Bond Fund   208,317 
 145,599   Nuveen California Municipal Value Fund   1,195,368 
 486,819   Nuveen California Quality Municipal Income Fund   4,697,803 
 1,119,887   Nuveen Municipal Credit Income Fund(a)   11,680,421 
 718,659   Nuveen AMT-Free Municipal Credit Income Fund   7,409,374 
 1,068,678   Nuveen Municipal Value Fund, Inc.(a)   8,827,280 
 53,846   Nuveen New Jersey Quality Municipal Income Fund   569,691 
 81,393   Nuveen New York AMT-Free Quality Municipal Income Fund   769,164 
 95,963   Nuveen New York Municipal Value Fund   768,664 
 640,440   Nuveen Quality Municipal Income Fund(a)   6,494,062 
 16,777   Nuveen Select Maturities Municipal Fund   142,101 
 127,418   PIMCO California Municipal Income Fund   1,062,666 
 133,246   PIMCO California Municipal Income Fund II   668,895 
 78,557   PIMCO Municipal Income Fund II   604,103 
 101,986   PIMCO Municipal Income Fund III   659,849 

 

 

Shares/Description  Value 
CLOSED-END FUNDS (continued)        
 392,217   Pioneer Municipal High Income Advantage Fund, Inc.  $2,639,620 
 12,931   Pioneer Municipal High Income Fund Trust   93,491 
 76,861   Western Asset Intermediate Municipal Fund   550,325 
 647,492   Western Asset Managed Municipals Fund, Inc.   5,782,104 
 273,344   Western Asset Municipal High Income Fund, Inc.   1,664,665 
 69,232   Western Asset Municipal Partners Fund, Inc.   732,475 
           
TOTAL CLOSED-END FUNDS     
(Cost $208,625,268)   182,168,957 

 

Principal Amount/Description  Rate   Maturity   Value 
U.S. CORPORATE BONDS (0.59%)                        
Consumer, Non-cyclical (0.59%)                        
$ 2,500,000  Stetson University, Inc.   4.09%   12/01/59   $1,716,233 
                       
TOTAL U.S. CORPORATE BONDS               
(Cost $2,500,000)             1,716,233 

 

Principal Amount/Description  Rate   Maturity   Value 
MUNICIPAL BONDS (97.51%)            
California (12.95%)            
$15,000,000   City of Los Angeles Department of Airports, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   05/15/46   $14,961,502 
 8,000,000   Regents of the University of California Medical Center Pooled Revenue, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   05/15/47    8,275,126 
 12,000,000   Sacramento Municipal Utility District(b)   4.00%   08/15/45    11,074,956 
 3,500,000   San Francisco City & County Airport Comm-San Francisco International Airport, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   05/01/46    3,491,077 
                   37,802,661 
                     
Connecticut (2.80%)               
 8,565,000   State of Connecticut, General Obligation Unlimited Bonds(b)   4.00%   04/15/38    8,177,793 
                     
Florida (5.26%)               
 9,000,000   County of Broward FL Tourist Development Tax Revenue, Revenue Bonds(b)   4.00%   09/01/47    7,714,605 
 7,500,000   School District of Broward County, General Obligation Unlimited Bonds(b)   5.00%   07/01/51    7,631,274 
                   15,345,879 
                     
Illinois (11.76%)               
 10,000,000   Chicago O'Hare International Airport, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.25%   01/01/45    10,182,346 
 6,000,000   Macon County School District No 61 Decatur, General Obligation Unlimited Bonds(b)   4.00%   12/01/36    5,637,839 
 18,000,000   State of Illinois, General Obligation Unlimited Bonds(b)   5.00%   11/01/29    18,535,559 
                   34,355,744 

 

 

Principal Amount/Description  Rate   Maturity   Value 
Kansas (3.26%)            
$9,670,000   Kansas City Industrial Development Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   03/01/57   $9,520,534 
                     
Massachusetts (6.22%)               
 12,000,000   Commonwealth of Massachusetts Transportation Fund Revenue, Revenue Bonds   5.00%   06/01/53    12,487,632 
 5,500,000   Massachusetts School Building Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   08/15/45    5,658,495 
                   18,146,127 
                     
Michigan (7.27%)               
 10,000,000   Holly Area School District, General Obligation Unlimited Bonds(b)   5.25%   05/01/52    10,396,999 
 10,000,000   State of Michigan Trunk Line Revenue, Revenue Bonds   5.50%   11/15/44    10,835,697 
                   21,232,696 
                     
Nevada (2.11%)               
 1,000,000   Las Vegas Convention & Visitors Authority, Revenue Bonds   5.00%   07/01/43    1,014,095 
 5,000,000   Las Vegas Valley Water District, General Obligation Limited Bonds(b)   5.00%   06/01/53    5,147,759 
                   6,161,854 
                     
New Jersey (1.73%)               
 5,000,000   New Jersey Transportation Trust Fund Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   06/15/50    5,047,258 
                     
New York (13.56%)               
 10,000,000   New York New York A-1 Revenue Bonds(b)   5.25%   09/01/40    10,611,241 
 6,800,000   New York State Dormitory Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   03/15/41    7,064,497 
 10,000,000   Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.50%   08/01/52    10,412,794 
 11,250,000   Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   11/15/43    11,509,722 
                   39,598,254 
                     
North Carolina (1.41%)               
 4,000,000   Greater Asheville Regional Airport Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.50%   07/01/52    4,112,288 
                     
Pennsylvania (5.10%)               
 11,250,000   Pennsylvania State University, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   09/01/43    11,535,718 
 3,185,000   Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.25%   06/01/43    3,365,937 
                   14,901,655 
                     
Puerto Rico (3.82%)               
 2,000,000   Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Series 2022 A-1, General Obligation Unlimited Bonds   4.00%   07/01/35    1,742,824 

 

 

Principal Amount/Description  Rate   Maturity   Value 
Puerto Rico (continued)               
$2,465,000   Puerto Rico Commonwealth Aqueduct & Sewer Authority, Revenue Bonds(c)   4.00%   07/01/42   $2,056,029 
 2,500,000   Puerto Rico Commonwealth Aqueduct & Sewer Authority, Revenue Bonds(c)   4.00%   07/01/42    2,085,222 
 6,032,000   Puerto Rico Sales Tax Financing Corp. Sales Tax Revenue, Series Restructured Series A-2, Revenue Bonds   4.78%   07/01/58    5,280,074 
                   11,164,149 
                     
South Carolina (2.36%)               
 6,500,000   South Carolina Public Service Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.75%   12/01/52    6,875,420 
                     
Tennessee (1.70%)               
 5,000,000   Tennessee Energy Acquisition Corporation Gas Revenue Bonds, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   05/01/52    4,958,257 
                     
Texas (5.25%)               
 16,000,000   Texas Private Activity Bond Surface Transportation Corp., Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   06/30/58    15,313,498 
                     
Utah (2.35%)               
 7,000,000   City of Salt Lake City UT Airport Revenue, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   07/01/47    6,873,809 
                     
Virgin Islands (0.74%)               
 2,250,000   Matching Fund Special Purpose Securitization Corp., Revenue Bonds   5.00%   10/01/39    2,172,158 
                     
Virginia (4.24%)               
 12,850,000   Virginia Small Business Financing Authority, Revenue Bonds(b)   5.00%   12/31/47    12,391,405 
                     
Washington (3.62%)               
 10,230,000   Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Dedicated Revenue, Revenue Bonds   5.00%   07/15/48    10,554,613 
                     
TOTAL MUNICIPAL BONDS               
(Cost $297,701,063)             284,706,052 

 

 

Shares/Description    Value 
SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (5.98%)      
 17,457,011   BlackRock Liquidity Funds MuniCash (7 Day Yield 3.996%)   $17,457,512 
            
TOTAL SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS      
(Cost $17,457,011)    17,457,512 
            
TOTAL INVESTMENTS (166.47%)      
(Cost $526,283,342)   $486,048,754 
            
Floating Rate Note Obligations (-65.98%)(d)    (192,640,000)
Liabilities in Excess of Other Assets (-0.49%)    (1,443,764)
NET ASSETS (100.00%)   $291,964,990 

(a) All or a portion of the security is pledged as collateral for the loan payable. As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate value of those securities was $1,411,250 representing 0.48% of net assets.
(b) All or portion of the principal amount transferred to a Tender Option Bond ("TOB") Issuer in exchange for TOB Residuals and cash.
(c) Security exempt from registration under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933. Such securities may normally be sold to qualified institutional buyers in transactions exempt from registration. The total value of Rule 144A securities amounts to $4,141,251, which represents 1.42% of net assets as of September 30, 2023.
(d) Face value of Floating Rate Notes issued in TOB transactions.

 

Futures Contracts Sold:               

 

Description 

Contracts

(Short)

   Expiration
Date
  Notional
Value
  

Value and Unrealized

Appreciation

 
10-Yr U.S. Treasury Note Futures   (2,400)  December 2023  $259,350,000   $4,780,511 
           $259,350,000   $4,780,511 

 

 

RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc.

 
Notes to Quarterly Schedule of Investments  September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

1. ORGANIZATION

 

 

RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc. (the “Fund”) was organized as a Maryland corporation on March 18, 2019, pursuant to its Articles of Incorporation, which were amended and restated on June 20, 2019 (“Articles of Incorporation”). The Fund had no operations until July 25, 2019 (commencement of operations), other than those related to organizational matters and the registration of its shares under applicable securities laws.

 

The Fund is a diversified, closed-end management investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Articles of Incorporation permit the Board of Directors (the “Board” or “Directors”) to authorize and issue fifty million shares of common stock with $0.0001 par value per share. The Fund is considered an investment company and therefore follows the Investment Company accounting and reporting guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 946 – Investment Companies.

 

The Fund will terminate on or before July 25, 2031; provided, that if the Board believes that under then-current market conditions it is in the best interests of the Fund to do so, the Fund may extend the Termination Date once for up to one year, and once for an additional six months. The Fund may be converted to an open-end investment company at any time if approved by the Board and the shareholders. Within twelve months prior to the termination date, the Fund may conduct a tender offer to purchase 100% of the then outstanding shares. Following the completion of the tender offer, the Fund must have at least $100 million of net assets. The Board may then eliminate the termination date and convert the Fund to a perpetual structure upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the Board.

 

The Fund’s investment adviser is RiverNorth Capital Management, LLC (the “Adviser”) and the Fund’s sub-adviser is MacKay Shields, LLC (the “Sub-adviser”). The Fund’s primary investment objective is to seek current income exempt from regular U.S. federal income taxes (but which may be includable in taxable income for purposes of the Federal alternative minimum tax). The Fund’s secondary investment objective is total return.

 

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

 

 

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies followed by the Fund. These policies are in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures, including the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, in the financial statements during the reporting period. Management believes the estimates and security valuations are appropriate; however, actual results may differ from those estimates, and the security valuations reflected in the financial statements may differ from the value the Fund ultimately realizes upon sale of the securities. The financial statements have been prepared as of the close of the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) on September 30, 2023.

 

The Fund invests in closed end funds (“CEFs”), each of which has its own investment risks. Those risks can affect the value of the Fund’s investments and therefore the value of the Fund’s shares. To the extent that the Fund invests more of its assets in one CEF than in another, the Fund will have greater exposure to the risks of that CEF.

 

Security Valuation: The Fund’s investments are generally valued at their fair value using market quotations. If a market value quotation is unavailable a security may be valued at its estimated fair value as described in Note 3.

 

Security Transactions and Investment Income: The Fund follows industry practice and records securities transactions on the trade date basis. The specific identification method is used for determining gains or losses for financial statements and income tax purposes. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date, and interest income and expenses are recorded on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on securities purchased are amortized or accreted using the effective interest method over the life of the respective securities.

 

3. SECURITIES VALUATION AND FAIR VALUE Measurements

 

 

Fair value is defined as the price that the Fund might reasonably expect to receive upon selling an investment in a timely transaction to an independent buyer in the principal or most advantageous market of the investment. U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier hierarchy to maximize the use of observable market data and minimize the use of unobservable inputs and to establish classification of fair value measurements for disclosure purposes.

 

Inputs refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk, for example, the risk inherent in a particular valuation technique used to measure fair value including using such a pricing model and/or the risk inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. Inputs may be observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.

 

 

RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc.

 
Notes to Quarterly Schedule of Investments  September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Various inputs are used in determining the value of the Fund’s investments. These inputs are summarized in the three broad levels listed below.

 

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities that a Fund has the ability to access at the measurement date;

 

Level 2 – Quoted prices which are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable (either directly or indirectly) for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and

 

Level 3 – Significant unobservable prices or inputs (including the Fund’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments) where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

 

The inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls in its entirety is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

 

Equity securities, including CEFs, are generally valued by using market quotations, but may be valued on the basis of prices furnished by a pricing service when the Adviser or Sub-Adviser believes such prices more accurately reflect the fair market value of such securities. Securities that are traded on any stock exchange are generally valued by the pricing service at the last quoted sale price. Lacking a last sale price, an exchange-traded security is generally valued by the pricing service at its last bid price. Securities traded in the NASDAQ over-the-counter market are generally valued by the pricing service at the NASDAQ Official Closing Price. When using the market quotations or close prices provided by the pricing service and when the market is considered active, the security will be classified as a Level 1 security. Sometimes, an equity security owned by the Fund will be valued by the pricing service with factors other than market quotations or when the market is considered inactive. When this happens, the security will be classified as a Level 2 security. When market quotations are not readily available, when the Adviser or Sub-Adviser determines that the market quotation or the price provided by the pricing service does not accurately reflect the current fair value, or when restricted or illiquid securities are being valued, such securities are valued as determined in good faith by the Adviser, as the Fund’s valuation designee, in conformity with guidelines adopted by and subject to review by the Board. These securities will be categorized as Level 3 securities.

 

Investments in mutual funds, including short term investments, are generally priced at the ending NAV provided by the service agent of the funds. These securities will be classified as Level 1 securities.

 

Fixed income securities, including municipal and corporate bonds, are normally valued at the mean between the closing bid and asked prices provided by independent pricing services. Prices obtained from independent pricing services typically use information provided by market makers or estimates of market values obtained from yield data relating to investments or securities with similar characteristics. These securities will be classified as Level 2 securities.

 

Futures contracts are normally valued at the settlement price or official closing price provided by independent pricing services. These securities will be classified as Level 1 securities.

 

Effective September 8, 2022, and pursuant to the requirements of Rule 2a-5 under the 1940 Act, the Board approved updated valuation procedures for the Fund and designated the Adviser as the Fund’s valuation designee to make all fair valuation determinations with respect to the Fund’s portfolio investments, subject to the Board’s oversight.

 

In accordance with the Fund’s good faith pricing guidelines, the Adviser is required to consider all appropriate factors relevant to the value of securities for which it has determined other pricing sources are not available or reliable as described above. No single standard exists for determining fair value, because fair value depends upon the circumstances of each individual case. As a general principle, the current fair value of an issue of securities being valued by the Adviser would appear to be the amount which the owner might reasonably expect to receive for them upon their current sale. Methods which are in accordance with this principle may, for example, be based on (i) a multiple of earnings; (ii) discounted cash flow models; (iii) weighted average cost or weighted average price; (iv) a discount from market of a similar freely traded security (including a derivative security or a basket of securities traded on other markets, exchanges or among dealers); or (v) yield to maturity with respect to debt issues, or a combination of these and other methods. Good faith pricing is permitted if, in the Adviser’s, opinion, the validity of market quotations appears to be questionable based on factors such as evidence of a thin market in the security based on a small number of quotations, a significant event occurs after the close of a market but before the Fund’s NAV calculation that may affect a security’s value, or the Adviser or the Sub-Adviser is aware of any other data that calls into question the reliability of market quotations.

 

 

RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc.

 
Notes to Quarterly Schedule of Investments  September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Good faith pricing may also be used in instances when the bonds in which the Fund invests default or otherwise cease to have market quotations readily available.

 

The following is a summary of the inputs used at September 30, 2023 in valuing the Fund’s assets and liabilities:

 

Investments in Securities at Value*  Level 1 -
Quoted Prices
  

Level 2 -
Other Significant

Observable

Inputs

  

Level 3 -
Significant

Unobservable

Inputs

   Total 
Closed-End Funds  $182,168,957   $   $   $182,168,957 
U.S. Corporate Bonds       1,716,233        1,716,233 
Municipal Bonds       284,706,052        284,706,052 
Short-Term Investments   17,457,512            17,457,512 
Total  $199,626,469   $286,422,285   $   $486,048,754 
Other Financial Instruments**                    
Assets:
Future Contracts  $4,780,511   $   $   $4,780,511 
Total  $4,780,511   $   $   $4,780,511 

 

* Refer to the Fund’s Schedule of Investments for a listing of securities by type.
** Other financial instruments are derivative instruments reflected in the Schedule of Investments. Futures contracts are reported at their unrealized appreciation/depreciation.

 

The Fund did not hold Level 3 securities during the period ended September 30, 2023.

 

4. Derivative Financial Instruments

 

 

The following discloses the Fund’s use of derivative instruments. The Fund’s investment objective not only permits the Fund to purchase investment securities, but also allow the Fund to enter into various types of derivative contracts such as futures. In doing so, the Fund will employ strategies in differing combinations to permit it to increase, decrease, or change the level or types of exposure to market factors. Central to those strategies are features inherent to derivatives that make them more attractive for this purpose than equity or debt securities; they require little or no initial cash investment, they can focus exposure on only selected risk factors, and they may not require the ultimate receipt or delivery of the underlying security (or securities) to the contract. This may allow the Fund to pursue its objective more quickly and efficiently than if it were to make direct purchases or sales of securities capable of affecting a similar response to market factors.

 

On October 28, 2020, the SEC adopted Rule 18f-4 under the 1940 Act providing for the regulation of the use of derivatives and certain related instruments by registered investment companies. Rule 18f-4 prescribes specific value-at-risk leverage limits for certain derivatives users. In addition, Rule 18f-4 requires certain derivatives users to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program (including the appointment of a derivatives risk manager and the implementation of certain testing requirements) and prescribes reporting requirements in respect of derivatives. Subject to certain conditions, if a fund qualifies as a “limited derivatives user,” as defined in Rule 18f-4, it is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f-4. In connection with the adoption of Rule 18f-4, the SEC rescinded certain of its prior guidance regarding asset segregation and coverage requirements in respect of derivatives transactions and related instruments. The Fund was required to comply with Rule 18f-4 beginning August 19, 2022 and has adopted procedures for investing in derivatives and other transactions in compliance with Rule 18f-4.

 

Market Risk Factors: In pursuit of its investment objectives, the Fund may seek to use derivatives to increase or decrease its exposure to the following market risk factors:

 

Equity Risk: Equity risk relates to the change in value of equity securities as they relate to increases or decreases in the general market.

 

Interest Rate Risk: Interest rate risk relates to the risk that the municipal securities in the Fund’s portfolio will decline in value because of increases in market interest rates.

 

 

RiverNorth Managed Duration Municipal Income Fund, Inc.

 
Notes to Quarterly Schedule of Investments  September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Risk of Investing in Derivatives  

The Fund’s use of derivatives can result in losses due to unanticipated changes in the market risk factors and the overall market. Derivatives may have little or no initial cash investment relative to their market value exposure and therefore can produce significant gains or losses in excess of their cost. This use of embedded leverage allows the Fund to increase its market value exposure relative to its net assets and can substantially increase the volatility of the Fund’s performance.

 

Additional associated risks from investing in derivatives also exist and potentially could have significant effects on the valuation of the derivative and the Fund. Typically, the associated risks are not the risks that the Fund is attempting to increase or decrease exposure to, per its investment objective, but are the additional risks from investing in derivatives.

 

Examples of these associated risks are liquidity risk, which is the risk that the Fund will not be able to sell the derivative in the open market in a timely manner, and counterparty credit risk, which is the risk that the counterparty will not fulfill its obligation to the Fund.

 

Futures 

The Fund may invest in futures contracts in accordance with its investment objectives. The Fund does so for a variety of reasons including for cash management, hedging or non-hedging purposes in an attempt to achieve the Fund’s investment objective. A futures contract provides for the future sale by one party and purchase by another party of a specified quantity of the security or other financial instrument at a specified price and time. A futures contract on an index is an agreement pursuant to which two parties agree to take or make delivery of an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of the index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the index contract was originally written. Futures transactions may result in losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contract. There can be no guarantee that there will be a correlation between price movements in the hedging vehicle and in the portfolio securities being hedged. An incorrect correlation could result in a loss on both the hedged securities in a fund and the hedging vehicle so that the portfolio return might have been greater had hedging not been attempted. There can be no assurance that a liquid market will exist at a time when a fund seeks to close out a futures contract or a futures option position. Lack of a liquid market for any reason may prevent a fund from liquidating an unfavorable position, and the fund would remain obligated to meet margin requirements until the position is closed. In addition, a fund could be exposed to risk if the counterparties to the contracts are unable to meet the terms of their contracts. With exchange-traded futures, there is minimal counterparty credit risk to the Fund since futures are exchange-traded and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as counterparty to all exchange-traded futures, guarantees the futures against default. The Fund is party to certain enforceable master netting arrangements, which provide for the right of offset under certain circumstances, such as the event of default.

 

When a purchase or sale of a futures contract is made by a fund, the fund is required to deposit with its custodian (or broker, if legally permitted) a specified amount of liquid assets (“initial margin”). The margin required for a futures contract is set by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified during the term of the contract. The initial margin is in the nature of a performance bond or good faith deposit on the futures contract that is returned to the Fund upon termination of the contract, assuming all contractual obligations have been satisfied. These amounts are included in Deposit with broker for futures contracts on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities. Each day the Fund may pay or receive cash, called “variation margin,” equal to the daily change in value of the futures contract. Such payments or receipts are recorded for financial statement purposes as unrealized gains or losses by the Fund. Variation margin does not represent a borrowing or loan by the Fund but instead is a settlement between the Fund and the broker of the amount one would owe the other if the futures contract expired. When the contract is closed, the Fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.